ISSN 0798 1015

Vol. 38 (Nº 49) Year 2017. Page 28

Studies the Social Media on Corruption Issues through Content Analysis

Estudio de los medios de comunicación sobre cuestiones de corrupción a través del análisis de contenido

Irina FROLOVA 1; Irina ANTONOVA 2; Landysh KHAMITOVA 3; Leisan ZAKIROVA 4; Lutsia CHUKMAROVA 5

Received: 30/09/2017 • Approved: 05/10/2017

Content

1. Introduction

2. Social Network

3. Conclusion

References

1. Introduction

In the current economic and political situation in Russia, the development and active dissemination of corruption negatively affects the authority of state and local government, hampers economic development and reduces the efficiency of public administration (Vlasenko, 2015, pp. 167-173).

Social networks are the ideological power of communication, which not only provides facts, but also offers a way to understand and give meaning to those facts, and reveals the mechanisms of development of a phenomenon (Simon, & Eitzen, 2002; Daya, 2013; Karpov, 2016, pp. 3487-3496).

One of the main methods for studying the content of communication is its quantitative analysis, or content analysis, whose task is to measure quantitative characteristics of the model reflect the corruption processes in social networks, fixing the differences in emphasis of various kinds of corruption events, determining the overall trends in the coverage of events.

By the results of the research we can quantify material on corruption for subsequent Association with specific statistical figures of law enforcement.

Obtaining reliable data on corruption or any facts of wrongful conduct of someone is a difficult task ("Transparency" – anti-corruption centre, 2016; Aaken, 2005, pp. 407-446). The results of empirical studies often use indirect evidence of corruption. In this regard, the interaction of all authorities, law enforcement agencies and the media, including social networking, anti-corruption should be the basis for the formation of anti-corruption system in the public administration.

The object of the research: 5 social networks: "Vkontakte", "Facebook", "Classmates", "Twitter", "Live Journal".

Subject of research – is the discussions in social networks in 2014, dealing with issues of corruption and anti-corruption activities in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Objectives of the study:

1. To review the literature on the research topic.

2. To conduct a content analysis of content in social networks on corruption, anti-corruption behavior and the effectiveness of anti-corruption activities in the Republic of Tatarstan, carry out the interpretation of the study results.

3. To formulate conclusions and develop recommendations to improve the implementation of anti-corruption policy in the Republic of Tatarstan and the organization of anti-corruption propaganda through social networks.

Hypothesis of the research:

- the issues of corruption and its combating are widely covered on social networks in the Republic of Tatarstan;

- the social networks are insufficiently lit questions to assess the effectiveness of the authorities in combating corruption;

- the social network is underutilized as a tool of influence on the formation of anti-corruption propaganda;

- the data on the results of opinion polls about their attitudes to corruption and the effectiveness of measures to counter it are regularly appeared  in social networks.

In the process of the study scientific and methodological justification using of instruments of influence on the public in the formation of anti-corruption propaganda through the social network is given.

The article presents the scientific and methodological rationale for the use of Content analysis results of social media in the framework of anti-corruption propaganda of the world community. The results of the study have practical significance for the development of the toolkit formation of public opinion and the construction of social reality of the world order.

The research urgency is caused by the fact that in modern society, social networks and society itself are in constant interaction.

2. Social network

2.1. Views on development of social network

The concept of "social network" is appeared in 1954 and nothing to do with the Internet, of course, had not, and to study this phenomenon scientists began in the 30-ies of the last century (Ellison, & Boyd, 2013). The concept was introduced by sociologist James Barnes: "social network" is a social structure consisting of groups of nodes, which are social objects (people or organizations) and connections between them (social relationships) If to speak a simple language it is a group of familiar people, where man is a center, and its familiar branches. Between all members of the network is bilateral or unilateral. For example, it may be a group of classmates in which a Jack is the center, and bill and Catherine his friends (branches).

The first social network with the use of computer technology became the technology of electronic mail in 1971, which was used by military in ARPA Net network (Daya, 2013).

Further, in 1988, a Finnish student Bright Oikarinen was invented technology of "IRC" (eng. Internet Relay Chat — Internet relay chat), which allowed us to communicate in real time (Werry, 1996, pp. 47-63).

A landmark event was the invention of the Internet, which went public in 1991, thanks to the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee.

In 1995, Randy Conrad was created Classmates.com — the first social network in the modern sense. The concept proved to be very popular, and this year begins the rapid development of social networks on the Internet. Today this network still remains one of the most popular in the world and has more than 50 million users (Marcum, 2014).

In 2004, Facebook is appeared that for several years, becoming the world's most popular social network. It uses all the same mechanism of communication, a slightly different plane, which leads to a revolution in this field. The number of active users in mid-2011 — more than 700 million (Young, 2014, pp. 7-14).

N.Semenov wrote in his work: this is just the tip of the iceberg on social networks is already possible to write entire encyclopedias. The network has deeply penetrated into our lives and continues to gain popularity; their influence on people is still underestimated. Now mainly in the network common types are developed, but in the near future new projects will continue to develop, themes, and functionality. As in any rapidly growing segment, there are a number of tangible problems, but they are all doable. Soon the social network on the Internet pretty much change the world, they has become a powerful tool of power (Semenov, n.d.).

The main difficulty of the sociological understanding of corruption and corrupt behavior is that it is not always the violator of the norms is considered as deviant (bribetaker) (Alemann, 2007; Alemann, 2006, p. 13; Bannenberg, 2014, pp. 695-776).

A special place among the studies of corrupt behavior is a socio-psychological work aimed at studying the perception of corruption by the population, its evaluation of the mass consciousness, the study of psychological factors of corruption (Bikeev, & Kabanov, 2015, pp. 5-11; Bikeev, 2013; pp. 245-249; Bundeslagebilder Korruption, 2016).

In foreign studies J. Lammers studies the effect of "moral myopia" in which the spread of corruption in society reduces the feeling of guilt and a risk to spoil reputation (Lammers et al., 2015, pp. 15-19).

D. Simon, and D. Eitzen considers corruption one of the forms of elite deviance, and social deviations are implemented through the deviant behavior of individuals and social groups (Simon, & Eitzen, 2002).

On this basis, the study of corruption as a form of deviant behavior can be useful to identify its root causes, social consequences and methods of minimizing its spread.

In our country the study of aspects of corrupt is started recently, because under the planned economy were virtually no mechanisms of development of corruption.

2.2 Representation of the Impact of Social Networks on the Fight against Corruption

Different social networks have different purposes, but each contains content that addresses the issues of corruption.

For each social network, we obtained the following results.

1. The results of the research content in the social network "Vkontakte"

The specificity of content analysis in social networks is that during the day of the recording, comments can be removed, the number of communities and people in them change. For example, as of March 10, 2015 number of communities on corruption in social network "Vkontakte" was registered 756, 24 March, there were 769. 500 communities registered in Russia.

In a social network "Vkontakte" in Russia there were 150 communities with a title which includes the word "bribe".

For the unit of account were adopted "corruption", "fight against corruption", "bribery", "and extortion" (see Table 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of social network "Vkontakte" on 10.03. 2015.

Search queries allow you to choose any of the community types of corruption, including groups for countries and cities. Separately, you can view the number of web pages and site content.

Quantitative characteristics of the biggest communities on corruption in social networks "Vkontakte" are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Quantitative characteristics of the biggest communities on corruption in social network "Vkontakte" on 10.03. 2015.

It should be noted that the total number of communities on corruption with number of participants more than 1000 people is 21, this amounts to 1.84 percent of all communities in the corruption in social networks "Vkontakte".

The large community of the war of corruption - Alexei Navalny", which has 258 710 participants, which is 74,45% of subscribers across all communities of corruption. So, in the community openly discussed the way of power. In addition, the group is openly oppositional to the current government; it regularly shows the results of sociological surveys on corruption against the officials

The communities in whose name includes the word "bribe", - 214, including 150 communities in Russia (70,1%), 3 – the Republic of Tatarstan (1.4 per cent).

Community "Bribes" openly covers issues in wrestling corruption, including in the Republic of Tatarstan.

Community unit emphasizes the positive results of engaging society in the fight against corruption (for example, "Tatarstan for anti-corruption bloggers award"), as well as the punishment for bribery, corruption, etc.

In Kazan the group of "Bribe" was 2 community, of which the largest is the "Anti-DPS Kazan .We are against bribes!", where 1917 participants.

 Search by category "corruption of Tatarstan" the social network Vkontakte" has shown that in this social network coverage of issues of corruption is very weak. So, just for the Republic of Tatarstan was registered on 3 community the total number of participants of 459 people and has 545 records. Basically records are factual judgments about corruption: "Detained by the MUP of Kazan on suspicion in extortion of 120 thousand," "against the traffic police can use the term corrupt memory".

The thematic focus of the communities in the social network "Vkontakte" are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Thematic focus of publications on 15.03.2015.

Separate community on corruption in housing, social security, sports, healthcare etc. not shown.

Search query "corruption of power" identified 18 communities, including 11 in Russia (61,1%).

By studying the content in the community "RO LLC "Center of corruption counteraction in public authorities" in the Republic of Bashkortostan", it was revealed that the creators of the communities do not always monitor the content on the page. For example, some of the records are promotional in nature, how to legally avoid the military service.

 In Russia social network "Vkontakte" are 28 communities, including in such cities as Tula, Moscow, Lipetsk, Kurgan, Krasnoyarsk, etc. However, for example, large cities of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny) are not represented.

 In a social network "Vkontakte" highlights organized corruption, which can be viewed on the tab "Meetings".

In 2013-2014 the social network was given information about 23 different events, for example, a rally against corruption (Kursk), "We are against corruption"(Kazan).

It should be noted that these communities, which purposefully covered questions the effectiveness of anti-corruption or questions on how to counter it, the issues of anti-corruption activities in the social network "Vkontakte" is not represented.

News coverage on corruption presented 431937 records, including Ukraine, Kazakhstan, USA, Russia, Europe.

Coverage of issues of corruption in the Republic of Tatarstan presented 1813 records.

 In addition to the critical notes, the social network is actively informing about changes in the law, anti-corruption efforts, as evidenced by the headings "New in legislation on combating corruption", the 5th Republican youth forum-formation of the youth against corruption", "Anticipate","....investigation against officials of the mayoralty of Naberezhnye Chelny...".

 Some of the materials in a social network «Vkontakte» have the character of statements of fact (e.g., "Requisitions in schools and kindergartens," "the state Duma did not support the anti corruption initiative of the Republic of Tatarstan", "Tatarstan will receive 7.5 million rubles for the work on the evaluation of the effectiveness of anticorruption policy..."

- Quite often we found the content that negatively affects the image of the Republican authorities. This is evidenced by such negative judgments like:"....but where Tatarstan is sure to be corruption".

- Search query "Extortion" - has identified 73 communities, 48 of them-in the Russian Federation 62 group of 10 web pages.

- The largest community "Requisitions in schools and kindergartens, NEWS SCHOOLS" discusses the issues of levies in the Republic of Tatarstan and has 8239 subscribers.

Regularly in the group to ask questions, calling on various authorities and companies openly inform the public on questions of costs at the expense of budgetary funds.

In a social network "Vkontakte" in the tab "Videos" at the request "Extortion in the schools," presents 56 videos, including "Extortion in the schools of the Republic of Tatarstan" (2015).

 Existing content video contains content 2015 - 9 videos (16%), materials 2014, 11 videos (19,6%), from them - 6 at RT.

1. Russian Community "Sobol" is - A. Polishchuk: "Requisitions in schools and kindergartens teach our children to lie".

2. Extortions in schools and kindergartens. On 22.09.2014/Tatarstan without corruption!

3. Charges in school/ Program TSB. TV security service.

Thus, in a social network "Vkontakte" on 15 March 2015 in Russia, there were 150 communities with a title which includes the word "bribe", 500 - with the word "corruption", 48 - with the word "extortion" and 52"fight against corruption".

The large community of "Painting - the war of corruption - Alexei Navalny" has 258 710 participants, which is 74,45% of subscribers across all communities of corruption. It quite openly discusses the authorities, and judgments often are negative.

It should be noted that the total number of communities on corruption with number of participants more than 1000 people is 21, which is 1,84% of all communities of corruption in social networks "Vkontakte".

Not presented to the community, which purposefully covered questions of efficiency of fight against corruption and questions on how to counter it, the issues of anti-corruption activities.

 News coverage on corruption presented 431937 records, including Ukraine, Kazakhstan, USA, Russia, and Europe. Of these, the discussion on corruption in the Republic of Tatarstan presented to 1813(0, 42%).

Coverage of issues of corruption (search query-"corruption") in the Republic of Tatarstan is presented very poorly, was only 3 community total number of participants of 459 people and has 545 posts having mostly factual judgments about corruption.

 A separate community, discussing issues requisitions in schools and kindergartens. The large community of "Requisitions in schools and kindergartens, news schools" presented in the Republic of Tatarstan as a hotline exactions of the Republic of Tatarstan the total number of participants 8239 people highlighting the issues of corruption in kindergartens and schools is interactive. This resource is not only informative, but also contains elements of feedback with the population. The community is popular with residents of different cities of the Republic of Tatarstan.

 Content of social network "Vkontakte" on corruption mainly publications in the form of a statement of facts. Quite often found content that negatively affects the image of not only Russian, but also national authorities.

2. The results of the research content in the social network Facebook

Unlike the social network "Vkontakte", materials on "Facebook" harder quantitative calculation.

As of March 10, 2015 number of communities on corruption in social network "Facebook" all it was 83 (Table 4).

Table 4. The characteristics of the social network "Facebook" on 10.03. 2015.

The social network "Facebook" the most covered issues on corruption in Kazakhstan, Ukraine.

A search query of "Corruption" identified 63 community, including "Corruption. Just the facts" (closed), "Corruption in Putin's Russia" (open), "Corruption and human rights" (open).

The search query "the fight against corruption" is identified 8 communities. So, the same society "Fight against corruption" is an open group and is content to protect business from corruption (Table 5).

Table 5. Quantitative characteristics of the biggest communities
on corruption in social network "Facebook" on 10.03. 2015.

The most popular communities in the information field of Facebook are "Corruption and lawlessness in Russia", "stop Bribes (Khmelnitsky)", "Stop corruption". Quite often in this network are laid out materials to other Internet resources, for example, youtube.com.

The social network was 2 groups on anti-corruption with a total number of man - 61.

Coverage of issues of corruption mainly is of a General nature and affects all aspects of society. Publications about corruption of officials are very weak. Often we laid out materials to other Internet resources, for example, youtube.com.

A material about corruption in the Republic of Tatarstan is represented by single on the facts of extortion in kindergartens and schools.

3. The results of the research content in the social network "Classmates"

The interface of the social network "Schoolmates" also has its own specifics. As of March 10, 2015 number of communities on corruption in the social network "Schoolmates" it was 146, on 24 March there were 150.

Table 6. The characteristics of the social network "Schoolmates" on 10.03. 2015.

In the "Classmates" there were the 16 communities of more than 1,000 people. There are closed groups (Table 6).

This is the most numerous group of "Corruption and lawlessness in the world! Russia today!” which has 468528 participants. The records in the group are more politicized and almost no coverage of issues relating to corruption. In this group of 2483 records presents more results of online surveys 1748. Only 6 records were really dedicated to the issues of corruption, including the "140 million in the cellar - stash Russian official", "About kickbacks”.

179 subscribers have a group of "Fight against corruption", but it is not viable. In this group, for the year of 2014 is recorded only one record.

In the group "anti-corruption media" registered 19 participants. Most of all it creates a positive image of the authorities on prevention and combating corruption.

The analysis of headlines ("the police are tightening control over the additional income of employees....", "To fight corruption in the courts will be a special Commission", "...Detained the chief of regional Department of the MIA...", "the head of the "Committee on fight against corruption" Anatoly Golubev passed check on the lie detector" etc.) indicates a positive view of government in the fight against corruption.

Group on anti-corruption is only one of the 17 participants. Search query "extortion" outlined in a social network "Schoolmates" 9 groups with a total of 271 participants. So, in the "Illegal extortions in schools and kindergartens of Rostov" for 2014 presented total 3 records in other record groups for 2014 are not available. Many groups are not relevant in 2015.

Table 7: Quantitative characteristics of the biggest communities
on corruption a social network "Schoolmates" on 10.03. 2015.

Thus, in a social network "Classlmates" is not sufficiently covered the issues of corruption, since the network has a different purpose.

However, the number of community members on the topic of corruption is 629472. Communities have 468865 subscribers.

The advantage of social network "Classlmates" is registered experience of the group "anti-corruption media", which covers issues of effectiveness of anti-corruption or anti-corruption activities, and presents a positive image of power.

4. The results of the research content in the social network Twitter

 Twitter is a site of "social interaction in real time", a place for exchange of information with the development of events, and means of interacting with other people in real time.

A tweet is an individual message in Twitter, the length of which is 140 characters or less (Table 8).

Table 8. Quantitative characteristics of social network "Twitter" 2014.

Twitter is a social news network, which presents various news agencies, Internet resources, reposts from other sites, etc.

Often, the network seems to be a negative image of the government.

A mention in the news about corruption in Tajikistan was only one.

News about corruption in reference to the city of Kazan in 2014 was not published. 6 news were recorded in 2012, 2013 and 2015.

The search query "the Fight against corruption in Tatarstan" has given 1 mention. On request "Bribe Tatarstan" was true 1 mention.

- "Minister of education and science of Tatarstan: 62 appeals by parents against money extortion in kindergartens were recorded in 2013."

- "Now for school levies are the responsibility of the parents of Tatarstan".

Content analysis of the news on Twitter shows that 95.7 per cent of news related to extortion in the Republic of Tatarstan, relate to schools and kindergartens.

On Twitter there is a separate tab "Video" (Table 9).

Table 9. A quantitative characterization of videos on the topic
of "corruption" the social network "Twitter" in 2014.

Twitter is also seen with the orientation of the publications about corruption in various spheres of activity: sports, medical procurement, etc., and also in General to civil society.

A video is repeated several times during the year.

Thus, Twitter is a social news network, which presents various news agencies, Internet resources, reposts from other sites. Traces the orientation of the publications about corruption in various fields. A significant proportion of the content includes coverage of issues of corruption with the formation of a negative image of the incumbent authorities. So, share videos posted on Twitter that adversely affect the image of the President of the Russian Federation, is in 2014 to 18.8%.

Content analysis of the news on Twitter shows that 95.7 per cent of news related to extortion in the Republic of Tatarstan, relate to schools and kindergartens.

5. The results of the research content in the social network "Live journal"

Live Journal blog platform for conducting online diaries (blogs), and a separate personal blog that is hosted on this platform. Feature of "learn" is that it provides the ability to publish and comment on other people's records, create a team blog ("community"), add to friends of other users and monitor their records to "tape friends".

 "Living history", according to his statistics, has a large attendance, in fact, functioning in the role of popular social networks. Their "live journals" there are many famous people in Russia, as well as parties, public movements and organizations.

In Russia, Live Journal is the vast majority of the blogosphere (Table 10).

Table 10. The characteristics of the social network "Live journal" on 15.03.2015.

Thus, as in other social networks, Live Journal has its own community on corruption, many of which are not relevant. Issues are covered mainly in the format of online news less discussions.

Researchers study the economic impact of corruption, thanks to numerous international surveys in this area, as well as research in the field of theoretical and practical measures on struggle against economic corruption. So, for example, Friedrich Schneider for the first time examines the relationship of the shadow economy and corruption (Schneider, 2007). Johann Graf Lambsdorff devotes his study to the impact of corruption on numerous macroeconomic determinants, such as growth, exports, investment (Lambsdorf, 2015, pp. 253-263; Lambsdorff, 2005, pp. 233-248; Schmidt, 2007, pp. 202-232). Among the major researchers of corruption, we can identify the Bjorn Frank (Hofmann, & Pfaff, 2008, pp. 9-39), and Wilfried Furmanny (Huntington, 1968, p. 488).

The scientific study of corruption in the field of policy and management currently holds a prominent position in the field of scientific research. Professor Ulrich von Alemann from the University of Henry Gein (Dusseldorf) in cooperation with partner universities in Rome and Athens in 2007 conducted empirical research concerning EU-25. It examines the corruption of the structure and existing measures to prevent corruption. The study aimed at comparison of various measures to combat corruption, evaluating their effectiveness and the development of specific recommendations for improving them (Aymaliev, & Kosals, 2016, pp. 98-122).

It is also noted that, more and more segments of the population begin to participate in the political discourse with the advent of social networking. Especially the young generation is actively participating in these Internet discussions, thereby forming their own civic position. Therefore, the quality of the content has a strong influence on the attitudes of young people.

The emergence of thematic groups on anti-corruption can be used by state authorities for rapid response to facts of corruption phenomena and reactions to them.

3. Conclusion

The results of the discourse analysis of social networks we can draw the following conclusions: the biggest part of the audience has a "Live journal" and "Twitter", however, the most advanced in terms of communication on issues of corruption are a social network "Vkontakte" and "Classmates".

The results of the study have an applied nature and can be the basis for the development of a programme to improve the implementation of anti-corruption policy in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Strategy of anticorruption policy of the Republic of Tatarstan.

In terms of reduction of values in modern Russian society corrupt behavior is becoming more and more widespread. There are three important properties exhibited by our mass consciousness in connection with corruption, which are directly related to mass psychology.

First, a relatively tolerant attitude to corruption as widespread ("steal", "take all," etc.), ineradicable and inevitable, "the minimum level of evil", not worthy of serious condemnation.

Second, the condemnation expressed in our mass consciousness are not themselves acts of corruption, but only exorbitant bribes, especially if they are "disproportionate" the position of corrupt officials.

Third, as in many other situations, manifests a system of double standards: "I and my environment – other". Their own corrupt behavior, as well as similar behavior of loved ones, perceived as a necessary response to objective circumstances (“some wheels (or palms) need to be greased”), not associated with corruption and does not receive negative emotional evaluations, while similar behavior of others is seen as corrupt and expressing their negative personality.

With the aim of improving the organization of anti-corruption propaganda through social networks was proposed:

1. Use social media as a way of obtaining initial information about the facts of corruption. You need to create a social resource that would collect such information and statistically processed (for example, in a field of more calls). This will help to identify problem areas and take appropriate decisions.

2. Create community in social networks on anti-corruption.

3. When working with social networks and communities to consider the number of participants and subscribers of the community.

4. To create a social networking group or community "anti-corruption monitoring", "anti-corruption".

5. Learn from the experience in covering the issues of corruption group "anti-corruption media" in social network "Classmates".

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1. Integrated management system, Kazan innovative university named after V. G Timiryasov (IEML), Kazan, Russia.

2. Integrated management system, Kazan innovative university named after V. G Timiryasov (IEML), Kazan, Russia. E-mail: frolova.i@yahoo.com

3. Foreign languages and translation, Kazan innovative university named after V. G Timiryasov (IEML), Kazan, Russia

4. Social Sciences and Humanities, Branch of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University in Naberezhnye Chelny, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

5. General psychology, Kazan innovative university named after V. G Timiryasov (IEML), Kazan, Russia